Current Issue : January - March Volume : 2017 Issue Number : 1 Articles : 5 Articles
Emulsions are difficult to transport in the oil and gas industry due to its water content and high\nviscosity property, thus a need arises to break these emulsions down into lighter emulsions that\nwould make it a lot more suitable for transportation. In this research, biodiesel was synthesized\nand used to break down relatively viscous emulsion samples into lighter emulsion samples. An\napparatus was designed with the aim of determining the flowrate of four different samples in different\nproportions and compositions: 80% oil and 20% water (sample A), 90% sample A + 10% of\nbiodiesel by volume (sample B), 75% of sample A + 25% of biodiesel by volume (sample C), 60% of\nsample A + 40% biodiesel by volume (sample D). The results showed that it was possible to significantly\nincrease the flow of emulsions by injecting biodiesel, which was acted as a surfactant, resulting\nin the lowering of the surface tension of the emulsion sample. The relevance of this research\nwork is validated as it proffers a solution to the transportation of heavy oil and emulsions\nfrom all over the world possessing the non-Newtonian flow behavior, which results in serious\nproblems related to its transportation....
An electrochemical cell consisting of a double horizontal Impinging Jet Cell (IJC) has been conceived\nand characterized. The purpose of this system is the simultaneous electrodeposition of a\ncomposite metal/particle coating on both surfaces of a metal sheet. The silica particles imprint in\nthe nickel matrix has allowed to distinguish four different flow areas onto the electrode namely\nthe stagnation area, the radial flow area characterized by a higher flow speed, the return flow area\nthat involves gravity effect, and the drainage area with a constant draining speed. Based on the limiting\ncurrent evolution as a function of the Reynolds number, three flow modes were extracted:\nthe Laminar Low Flow (LLF), the Laminar High Flow (LHF) and the Disturbance. The IJC investigated\nensures a laminar flow for a large range of flow rate from a nozzle-to-sample distance of 19\nmm and creates an laminar flow ovoid plan merged with the sample for the high flows....
In order to effectively and quickly clean the surface of semiconductor silicon wafers,\nthe fluid flow is one of the significant issues. For a batch-type silicon wafer wet\ncleaning bath, a slim water injection nozzle consisting of a dual tube was studied,\nbased on theoretical calculations and experiments. A thin inner tube was placed at\nthe optimum position in the water injection nozzle. Such a simple design could make\nthe water injection direction normal and the water velocity profile symmetrical along\nthe nozzle. The water flow in the wet cleaning bath was observed using a bluecolored\nink tracer. When the nozzle developed in this study was placed at the bottom\nof the bath, a fast and symmetrical upward water stream was formed between and\naround the wafers....
�²/Al-MCM-41 molecular sieve was synthesized and used to catalyze the esterification\nof oleic acid with short chain alcohols such as methanol, ethanol, isopropanol\nand isobutanol to obtain biodiesel. The results indicated that �²/Al-MCM-41 exhibited\nthe excellent catalytic activity and stability, which was obviously superior to\ntraditional Al-MCM-41. The relationship between acidity and catalytic activity was\nin detail examined by NH3-TPD and Py-FTIR. Moreover, the kinetics of esterification\nof oleic acid with methanol showed that the average reaction order n was 1.97\nand that activation energy was 50.01 kJ/mol....
The Statistical Experimental Design techniques are the most powerful tools for the chemical reactors\nexperimental modeling. Empirical models can be formulated for representing the chemical\nbehavior of reactors with the minimal effort in the necessary number of experimental runs, hence,\nminimizing the consumption of chemicals and the consumption of time due to the reduction in the\nnumber of experimental runs and increasing the certainty of the results. Four types of nonthermal\nplasma reactors were assayed seeking for the highest efficiency in obtaining hydrogen and ethylene.\nThree different geometries for AC high voltage driven reactors, and only a single geometry\nfor a DC high voltage pulse driven reactor were studied. According to the fundamental principles\nof chemical kinetics and considering an analogy among the reaction rate and the applied power to\nthe plasma reactor, the four reactors are modeled following the classical chemical reactors design\nto understand if the behavior of the nonthermal plasma reactors can be regarded as the chemical\nreactors following the flow patterns of PFR (Plug Flow Reactor) or CSTR (Continuous Stirred Tank\nReactor). Dehydrogenation is a common elimination reaction that takes place in nonthermal\nplasmas. Owing to this characteristic, a paraffinic heavy oil with an average molecular weight corresponding\nto C15 was used to study the production of light olefins and hydrogen....
Loading....